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In East African Childhood: Three Versions, edited by L. K. Fox, 43-75. University of Bradford eThesis This thesis is hosted in Bradford Scholars - The University of Bradford Open Access repository. He had established the Equatorial Province in 1870 Deep-rooted divisions and polarization remain between different ethnic groups, and these have been greatly exacerbated by the way in which the countrys leadership has developed since independence. Uganda Journal 7(1): 27-43. Customary leadership of the Acholi was severely affected by the long conflict in Northern Uganda, when many Acholi people lived in IDP camps for as long as 20 years. During Obote's first term as president, and especially during his Division of Labor. Therefore, its best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publications requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. The Acholi's harrowing ordeal began under Idi Amin's dictatorship in the seventies. The Acholi live in small hamlets among patrilineal kin. Politics has been around for millennia. ETHNONYM: Karanga (historical) Retrieved February 23, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/acholi. In 2005, the new International Criminal Court in The Hague issued arrest warrants for Joseph Kony and other top LRA commanders. Doom, Ruddy and Koen Vlassenroot. In the precolonial era, warfare, herding, and hunting were the domain of men. . et al., 1972; Heine & Knig, 2010) and Chopi (Storch, 2005) as individual languages, instead The Acholi, unlike many of their southern neighbours, did not create a form of Historian Mark Curtis says that after Amin instigated a coup, Britain, the United States, and Israel quietly backed Amin and his campaign against the socialist-leaning President Milton Obote in 1971. The Acholi were considered a martial people by the British, and many joined the military. When not disrupted or dispossessed by the violence endemic since the mid-1980s, most Acholi remain primarily mixed farmers. Acholi officers now expected Obote to appoint an Acholi to replace Oyite Ojok. Dwyer, John O. Latigo (2006), "Northern Uganda", p. 90-92, Branch, A. He has noted that the emphasis on the distinction among ethnic groups has even been part of the internal government dialogue." The Lwoo. However, this rebellion was defeated when it attempted to attack famines forced groups to move within the Acholi territory and create more cohesive forms of Situated 1,025 to 1,350 meters above sea level, the Acholi landscape is typical East African game countryrolling grasslands with scattered trees, streams, and rock outcrops. Location. Although polygyny has often been presented as an ideal, limited means have always made it rare in practice. When the camps were disbanded and people began to return to their land, customary rules for land tenure did not necessarily have the answers to some of the problems faced by Acholi people: men had lost their fathers from whom they would be granted land; children did not know where their clan land was; women were married to men without following the customary rules for marriage because of a lack of resources; and women were widowed and left with few options for survival. "Acholi-Arab Nubian Relations in the Nineteenth Century." While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Dholuo, which is spoken in in the West of Kenya. The cookie also tracks the behavior of the user across the web on sites that have Facebook pixel or Facebook social plugin. Our interactive map highlights countries most at risk of genocide and mass killing. When Britain established its rule during the early twentieth century, both ideological predisposition and practical utility prompted the colonizers to consider the Acholi a "tribe" and to administer the area as a "tribal" unit. Further tidying up and smoothing over the grave take place within the week. Political organizations are those engaged in political activities (e.g., lobbying, community organizing, campaign advertising, etc.) Yet the northerners living in these squalid camps were prone to attack by the LRA and the national army alike, and unable to raise their own food. Comprising less than 5 percent of the country's population, during the early years of independence the Acholi constituted more than 15 percent of the police force and fully a third of the army. According to the Most Acholi, however, continue to live in neighborhoods (parishes) that not only consist predominantly of patrilineal kinsmen and their wives, but often carry the old lineage names. their inherited wealth to build up prominent twentieth-century families. At the same time Joseph Kony formed his own rebel group, more. (p. 34). The purpose of the cookie is to determine if the user's browser supports cookies. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyse the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. This cookie is installed by Google Analytics. They are speakers of Western Nilotic languages and are traditionally farmers. This included both agricultural and hunting land. As a result, many widowed Acholi have been unable to access their land on return to their homes. Medicine. [17] Most of the LRA returnees, numbering 12,000, underwent nyono tong gweno ('stepping on the egg') after returning to their home villages, to help restore them to home. The Tonga occupy much of Southern Province in Zambia (formerly No, ETHNONYMS: Batswana, Bechuana (colonial appellation) The 1980 population of the Uganda Acholi was approximately 580,000 (Kasozi 1994, ii), up from some 465,000 in 1969 (Langlands 1971), perhaps 125,000 in 1900 and about 100,000 at the end of the eighteenth century (Atkinson 1994, 275-281). point to the most recent violent conflict was the overthrow of the Okello-led government by the The Acholi have a modified Iroquois kinship-terminology system, reflecting Acholi's patrilineal and patrilocal ideology. Odongo, J. M. Onyango-ku-, and J. the hands of Arabs, this prompted Acholi not to accept any foreigners on their land any for social control, though one of the attractions that assisted the . It was a system of governance fully integrated with their religion and cosmology. The Canadian government, for instance, will be more inclined to fund an organisation whose mandate is continental Africa rather than an association with a very narrow focus on Acholi problems. Milton Obote (196271, 198085). The cookie is used by cdn services like CloudFare to identify individual clients behind a shared IP address and apply security settings on a per-client basis. Common synonyms for this type of organization are "interest groups," "pressure groups," and . Vincent (2012), a Gulu-based From the beginning, the Acholi were marginal compared to Britain's concern with Buganda, at the core of the colony. [22], In January 1986, the junta government of Gen. Tito Okello-Lutwa in Uganda was overthrown by Museveni and his NRA rebels. environment and larger distances between settlements kept the hierarchical structures Encyclopedia.com. This in turn forged new political entities and identities as well as wider social relations. Death and Afterlife. In 2009, Acholi was one of the six Ugandan languages identified as having more than one Under Ugandan Pres. Even bride-wealth marriages are now often mainly nuclear-family affairs, and other alternatives to traditional marriage are common. Dances and other activities surrounding spirit possession seem to have been originally introduced from Bunyoro in the early nineteenth century and then became more wide-spread during the tumultuous years of the latter part of that century. InThe Roots of Ethnicity, Ronald R. Atkinson argues that although colonial rule and its aftermath have played a major role in shaping the particular manifestati. a civil resistance movement started forming in the region. in 1911 in response to the British confiscation of Acholi guns was the It was also during this period that the name Acholi was coined by the Arab traders, calling Uganda journal 27(1): 15-30. The largest political unit was the tribal section, regarded as the geographical nation. expression of difference, but one of a common political ideology and identity (Whitmire, 2013, This article was most recently revised and updated by Amy McKenna. Sons have traditionally learned about farming, hunting, herding, and lineage and chiefdom traditions from their fathers and other lineage males; girls learn farming and domestic duties from their mothers. occur, however, it was usually limited in scope, with relatively few of the West Nile, to the north by the South Sudan, to the east by the Karamojong region, to the, 23 Each Ugandan district has a language board responsible for implementing policies on indigenous language. Numbering between 400 and 500 by the turn of the twentieth century, these exogamous groups claim descent from a common ancestor (although means exist to incorporate many types of "outsiders" as well) and have special lineage shrines, ritual ceremonies, praise-calls, and totems. The Holy Spirit Movement and Its Fight against Evil in the North." We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. Over the twentieth century, chiefdoms in Acholi have become vestigial institutions, and the fences that once enclosed villages have disappeared. Until 1967 Uganda was a quasi-federal polity that included five subregional monarchies, non-monarchical districts, and a central government. Finally a common social order and political culture developed, and new society and Even though the recent history of conflict can in some ways be tracked all the way back to the Traditionally, lineage heads and elders were the most knowledgeable aboutand involved withthe lineage and chiefdom jogi, although rwodi also had a role to play in ceremonies involving the latter. When conflict did sociopolitical units: lineages at the parish level; chiefdoms at the Specifically, this study explored, Living with Language. During the colonial period, political leadership in Acholi was contested among those with traditional leadership qualifications and others who benefited from the new dispensation, including collaborators with the British and those who managed to obtain Western education. (1976). outsiders: The Arabs had established a killing government on Acholi, some of the chiefs who "Acholi Linguistic Affiliation. As droughts and Farming and hunting dominated the live in this rural Army membership has also supplied a distinct, if largely negative, socializing influence on many Acholi young men. "The Evolution of Ethnicity among the Acholi of Uganda: The Pre-colonial Phase." Ruhakana Rugunda, the Ugandan minister of internal affairs and leader of the government negotiating team, noted the effectiveness of the traditional system. It is Corrections? Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. The Acholi dialect is a Western Nilotic language, classified as Luo (or Lwo). The available evidence suggests that conflict in Acholi before the end Occasional Paper no. element of the social and political environment of the region. political organisation of the acholipadma shri award 2012 list. This cookie is set by Youtube. The Acholi or Acoli are part of Luo-speaking Nilotic people of East Africa who lives predominantly in Northern Uganda (an area commonly referred to as Acholiland), including the districts of Agago, Amuru, Gulu, Kitgum, Nwoya, Lamwo, and Pader; and Magwe County in South Sudan. When the victorious NRA started violent acts of vengeance in the following years, Boys and girls are typically socialized into distinct gender roles, and do household and other chores accordingly. Political Organization Defined A political organization subject to Code section 527 is a party, committee, association, fund or other organization (whether or not incorporated) organized and operated primarily for the purpose of directly or indirectly accepting contributions or making expenditures, or both, for an exempt function. (Ugandan Parliamentary Committee on Defence and Internal Affairs 1997. This complex process was helped along by two major droughts, probably during the 1720s and c. 1790, which promoted larger-scale political leadership that held the promise of greater stability and security, and by the formation of neighboring identities against which members of an emergent Acholi could compete, compare, and define themselves. members of royal lineages, and lineage heads all seem to have been This cookie is set by doubleclick.net. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. areas of the Buganda Kingdom and their main trading routes extended eastwards towards Kenya, last large-scale conflict in Acholi until Amin came to power in 1971. Required electronic filing by tax-exempt political organizations. passed through Sudan to the northern Uganda. This disorder in Acholi contrasts sharply with the solid organisation of Buganda, which always has a centralized, well-thought out and weighted responses to critical issues such as land and political contention that affect the kingdom. the late seventeenth to the early twentieth centuries. PUBLISHED: 30/01/2023. Used to track the information of the embedded YouTube videos on a website. groups, the Ugandan army, and Karamojong raiders (who have been active The Acholi resisted the establishment of the This paper is a case study analysis of the sociological phenomena of forgiveness occurring in an ongoing two-decade war in northern Uganda. second term, Acholi soldiers played key roles in the massive conflict in The cookie is set by Facebook to show relevant advertisments to the users and measure and improve the advertisements. Batswana are divided into a number of subgroups or "tribes": Bahurut, Shona PUBLISHED: 27/01/2023. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. Uganda Now: Between Decay and Development. development of chiefdoms seems to have been the ability of rwodi to help Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. This belief underlies the customary land tenure rule that prohibits women from having rights to land independent of their relationship with their father or husband. Similarly, General Okello Lutwa who toppled the Obote II regime, was an Acholi. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. 1544957. Arts. One illustration of this is the various spirit-possession-based millennial (and military) movements that have been prominent in Acholi during the extremely difficult period of the late 1980s and early 1990s, most famously the Holy Spirit Movement of Alice Lakwena. Similarly, General Okello Lutwa who toppled the Obote II regime, was an Acholi. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. [26][27], The NRA managed to defeat all the rebel groups except the LRA which culminated in a 20-year conflict. The first leader was Kuturia as mentioned Certain rwodi and interpreters began to accumulate some of the new wealth brought into Acholi by international trade, and descendants of some of these men used their inherited wealth to build up prominent twentieth-century families. Twentieth-century densities have been consistently the second lowest in all of Uganda (after Karamoja). Localized patrilineal lineages, some of which have "brother" lineages of the same or different name in other parts of Acholi, have long been the fundamental social and economic units in Acholi. Encyclopedia of World Cultures. As some of these languages show some form Behrend, Heike (1991). Traditional beliefs, however, still persist, often meshed with Christian doctrine in complex ways. "The Concept of Jok among the Acholi and Lango." Spirits of both of these types were generally beneficent. Killing of a person was prohibited but if it took place, negotiations for blood money were led by the victim's family, with agreement followed by rituals of a reconciliation ceremony to restore the killer to the community, and to bring peace between clans. This term then A rebellion All of these early inhabitants were ironworking mixed farmers, organized into localized patrilineal lineages or, in some cases, into temporary groupings of two to four such lineages. Many of the Acholi soldiers who joined the Kings African Rifles (KAR), the British colonial army, were deployed to the frontlines in southeast Asia especially in Singapore and Burma during the World War II where they held British positions against an intense Japanese offensive. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customised ads. Hansen, Holger B., and Michael Twaddle, eds. The major art forms of the Acholi have been drumming, singing, and dancing. In the administrative structure of Uganda, Acholi is composed of the districts of: It encompasses about 28,500km2 (11,000 square miles) near the Uganda-Sudan border.[5]. The most common domestic animals are (and have long been) chickens and goats, with some cattle, especially in the dryer portions of Acholi. In addition to these six languages, some authors also classify Labwor (Ladefoged, Localized lineages have been the fundamental social units in Acholi, with chiefdoms providing a layer of organization above the lineages from the late seventeenth to the early twentieth centuries. Due to a changing economy, after the 1950s, fewer Acholi was recruited to the armed forces but continued to be associated with them in popular mythology and stereotypes. before. The Age-set spokesmen handled affairs involving interclan cooperation. After his own father, however, a man's strongest kinship ties are typically with his mother's brother. They also kept goats, sheep and cattle. In 1986 Alice Lakwenas charismatic Holy Spirit Movement mounted an insurgency in the Acholi region. The activities of the LRA have been devastating within Acholiland (though they spread also to neighbouring districts and countries). "[21] In discussing the peace talks of 20052007, Latigo noted leaders who called for a revival of the traditional processes of the indigenous people by which they worked for accountability and justice, namely, mato oput. https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/acholi, "Acholi Payera chiefdom and in 1911 they established here the Gulu township (Whitmire, 2013, pp. Out of these, the cookies that are categorised as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. Orientation This cookie is used to enable payment on the website without storing any payment information on a server. [23] This resulted in resistance building up in the region and soon a host of rebel groups sprang up in the north. coming from the territory of present-day South Sudan over a period spanning multiple centuries. Okot p'Bitek's epic poem, Song of Lawino, debates Acholi customs around the time that Uganda became independent. In most chiefdoms, only members of designated lineages could make or repair royal drums. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. Encyclopedia of World Cultures. ." Corn (maize), sorghum, beans, squash, peanuts (groundnuts), and other savanna crops also are grown. Since independence, a relatively few Acholi army officers have managed The EU's External Democracy Action in a New Geopolitical Reality: Policy Brief. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. He understood the emergence of an Acholi identity as a final step in a social process that did not Figure 5. As they have for centuries, Acholi farmers rely mainly on iron hoes and other hand tools. Aristotle wrote that politics stems . [26] However, it successfully popularised the LRA in the West. Omissions? Acholi Sub-region is consist of seven districts, namely; Gulu, Kitgum, Lamwo, Pader, Agago, Amuru and Nwoya, and are situtated in northern Uganda. The Acholi region is bordered in the west by the districts The presumed nominal forebears of the present-day Acholi group migrated South to Northern Uganda from the area now known as Bahr el Ghazal in South Sudan by about 1,000 AD. interpreters began to accumulate some of the new wealth brought into portrayed this relationship in his account as rather hostile and negative: Most of these Arabs carrying business of slave trade were coming from Egypt, they Uganda Journal 3(3): 175-202. Uganda Journal 19(1): 57-61. The Acholi, a Nilotic Lwo-speaking ethnic group, live predominantly in the central region of northern Uganda, an space collectively named to known as Acholiland. At the peak of the conflict, 90% of the Acholi population moved into IDP camps designed as protected villages. Stream and swamp fishing are important. We hope you find it interesting. In such a context, the land rights of those with the least power widows, the disabled, the elderly were very insecure. (Whitmire, 2013, p. 46). The size and nature of this occasion depend on the age and status of the deceased, with the most lavish and festive celebrations taking place when the person who died was both aged and important. Whitmire (2013) on the other hand argued that a World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples. Some Acholi mothers exclaim that they do not know their sons after they have been away in the army. 1679-1914." The Shona-speaking peoples comprise about 80 percent of the population of Zimbabwe,, Swazi heard of gun sound, they were used to only lightning thunder sound. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". The first government chiefs, appointed from 1912 onwards, represented a measure of continuity with the pre-colonial order, since they were nearly all drawn from the ranks of the clan leaders. of mutual intelligibility amongst each other, they were at times interpreted as a dialectal cluster Acholi: Talking Politics in Northern Uganda Many Ugandans follow politics with keen interest, and President Yoweri Musevei's 34-year tenure notwithstanding, politics is a frequent topic of in-depth conversation and spirited debate among friends and acquaintances, and my conversations with my mentor are no exception. identity is rather disputed. With the coming of the ivory and slave trades, and the firearms that accompanied them, conflict became more frequent, more deadly, and more widely spread. Kitgum, Nwoya, Lamwo and Pader. Girling, F. K. (1960). Most Acholi also continue to live in thatched, round mud houses, although wealthier Acholi and those who live in town or near major roads have square houses of mud or block, with iron or tile roofs. After weaning and up to the age of 5 or 6, however, much of the day-to-day caretaking of a child has customarily been done by an opposite-sex sibling or other preadolescent (often a member of the father's lineage), called lapidi (nurse-child). traditional local forms of organisation were based on smaller units, often only consisting of The government of Uganda has responded to the conflict by adopting both military and general amnesty strategies. (1991). encompasses the six closely related languages Acholi, Adhola, Alur, Kumam, Lango and From early on, girls and boys learn gender-appropriate behaviors and activities, and these are reflected in both their play and their chores and other responsibilities. [23][24], The attempt to pacify the Northern Uganda was carried out recklessly with much brutality and unprofessionalism from the NRA soldiers and government. While rwodi, members of royal lineages, and lineage heads all seem to have been somewhat better off than others before the latter part of the nineteenth century, social stratification appears limited, owing primarily to both limited wealth in the society and redistribution. This special access to Uganda's security forces has alternately presented opportunity and danger as a succession of regimes replaced one another in a cycle of political violence often played out in ethnic (or "tribal") terms.